This perspective was contributed by Ayman Malhis, MENA Senior Digital Media Coordinator.

In our increasingly interconnected world, the Internet is a vital tool for communication. It is also crucial for advocacy and the defense of human rights. However, the growing phenomenon of internet blackouts—also known as internet shutdowns—poses a significant threat to these efforts. Access Now defines an internet shutdown as 

“An intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to exert control over the flow of information.”

Types of Internet Blackouts

To explore this issue, I participated in the Advocacy Assembly Shutdown Academy program. Through my research and training, I identified four types of internet blackout. Each has its own distinct characteristics and implications:

1. Total Blackouts: A complete shutdown of internet access in a country or region, severing communication channels. For example, in March 2024, Sudan experienced a total internet blackout. It severely disrupted humanitarian and emergency services. The blackout impacted critical communication channels needed for coordinating aid and responding to emergencies. This event highlights the consequences of such measures on public health and human rights. Source: Amnesty International
2. Partial Blackouts: Targeting specific platforms or services, such as social media networks or messaging apps. This occurred in June 2020 during the Tawjihi exams in Jordan. The government implemented partial blackouts by blocking access to certain online platforms and social media networks. They did this to prevent cheating and maintain the integrity of the exams. This blackout impacted communication and limited access to information. It caused frustration among the public. Additionally, businesses relying on these platforms faced operational challenges. This event caused massive concerns about restrictions on internet freedom. Source: The Jordan Times
3. Throttling: Intentionally slowing down internet speeds, making online activities practically impossible. For example, in 2011 in Egypt, the government used throttling during protests. They did this intentionally to disrupt communication and limit the sharing of information. This measure significantly hindered individuals' ability to organize and express themselves. It also affected their access to critical news and updates. The throttling of internet speeds during such events not only obstructs the free flow of information. It also raises concerns about the impact on freedom of expression and the right to access information. Source: The Guardian
4. DNS Blocking: Blocking access to specific websites or apps by tampering with the Domain Name System. For example, in March 2014, the Turkish government used DNS blocking to prevent access to Twitter. They did this as a response to leaked corruption allegations involving government officials. By blocking Twitter, the government aimed to restrict the spread of sensitive information and limit public discourse. DNS blocking significantly affected people's ability to access information and communicate freely. It raised serious concerns about censorship and the right to access information. Source: DW

Each type of blackout serves a different purpose. But they all result in significant consequences for communication, information flow, and fundamental human rights.

The Human Rights Impact of Internet Blackouts

Governments often justify these shutdowns with reasons such as 

• national security
• communal violence
• public unrest
• Disinformation
• cheating prevention during exams

These reasons may seem legitimate. But the consequences of shutdowns often outweigh their intended benefits. They restrict the flow of crucial information and infringe on fundamental rights.

The impact of internet blackouts goes way beyond being inconvenient. They are a serious violation of basic human rights like freedom of speech and access to information. During these blackouts, human rights defenders work hard to protect these rights. They document and report any human rights abuses that happen without online oversight. They make sure people get the help and support they need.

Internet blackouts do not only disrupt daily life. They also hinder the collective efforts of activists striving for justice. For human rights defenders, access to the internet is essential. This is particularly important for those working to prevent abuses such as torture. The ability to share tactics, strategies and resources across borders is crucial to effective advocacy.

Global Efforts to Combat Internet Shutdowns

Fortunately, there are tools available to mitigate the impact of internet blackouts. Some of these tools also help track their occurrence. Initiatives like the Internet Observatory for Digital Attacks (IODA) and the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) provide valuable insights into internet censorship and surveillance practices worldwide. By leveraging these tools and collaborating with like-minded individuals and organizations, we can work towards a more open, accessible and secure internet for all.

In response to the growing trend of internet blackouts, Access Now launched the #KeepItOn campaign. This initiative unites 280 organizations from 105 countries to fight against internet shutdowns. The campaign advocates for the rights of individuals to access the internet freely. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining online communication, especially during times of crisis. By raising awareness and pressuring governments to stop shutdowns, #KeepItOn works to safeguard digital freedom and uphold human rights.

Internet blackouts represent a significant threat to our rights and freedoms in the digital age. It is imperative that we remain vigilant. We must defend these rights and hold those responsible for such disruptions accountable. By leveraging available resources, we can minimize the impact of internet blackouts. We can uphold the principles of a free and open internet for future generations.